H&r Block Tax Software Deluxe + State 2018 Free Download

Letter of the Latin alphabet

H
H h
(Run across below)

Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Linguistic communication of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[h] [10] [ħ] [0̸] [ɦ] [ɥ] [ʜ] [ʔ] [◌ʰ] [ç]
Unicode codepoint	`U+0048, U+0068`
Alphabetical position	8
History
Development	Η η 𐌇 H h
Fourth dimension period	~-700 to present
Descendants	Ħ Ƕ Ⱶ Һ ʰ h ħ $\mathbb {H}$
Sisters	И Һ Ԧ ח ح ܚ ࠄ ࠇ 𐎅 𐎈 Հ հ
Variations	(Meet below)
Other
Other messages unremarkably used with	h(x), ch, gh, nh, ph, sh, ſh, th, wh, (x)h
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, encounter Aid:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, meet IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

H, or h, is the 8th letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its proper name in English is aitch (pronounced , plural aitches), or regionally haitch .^[one]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph fence	Proto-Sinaitic ḥaṣr	Phoenician Heth	Greek Heta	Etruscan H	Latin H

The original Semitic letter Heth most likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ħ). The course of the letter probably stood for a debate or posts.

The Greek Eta 'Η' in primitive Greek alphabets, before coming to represent a long vowel, /ɛː/, yet represented a similar sound, the voiceless glottal fricative /h/. In this context, the alphabetic character eta is as well known as Heta to underline this fact. Thus, in the Old Italic alphabets, the alphabetic character Heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with its original sound value /h/.

While Etruscan and Latin had /h/ as a phoneme, well-nigh all Romance languages lost the sound—Romanian later re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, and Castilian developed a secondary /h/ from /f/, before losing it once again; various Castilian dialects have developed [h] as an allophone of /s/ or /x/ in most Spanish-speaking countries, and diverse dialects of Portuguese employ it as an allophone of /ʀ/. 'H' is too used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such equally 'ch', which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish, Galician, Old Portuguese, and English; /ʃ/ in French and modern Portuguese; /k/ in Italian, French, and English language; /x/ in German, Czech, Polish, Slovak, ane native word of English language, and a few loanwords into English; and /ç/ in German.

Proper name in English

For most English speakers, the name for the letter is pronounced as and spelled "aitch"^[i] or occasionally "eitch". The pronunciation and the associated spelling "haitch" is ofttimes considered to exist h-adding and is considered nonstandard in England.^[2] It is, however, a feature of Hiberno-English,^[3] besides as scattered varieties of Edinburgh, England, and Welsh English language,^[4] and in Commonwealth of australia and Nova Scotia.

The perceived proper noun of the letter affects the option of indefinite article earlier initialisms beginning with H: for example "an H-bomb" or "a H-flop". The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ may be a hypercorrection formed past analogy with the names of the other messages of the alphabet, most of which include the sound they represent.^[five]

The haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England, being used by approximately 24% of English people born since 1982,^[half-dozen] and polls go on to testify this pronunciation becoming more common among younger native speakers. Despite this increasing number, the pronunciation without the /h/ sound is still considered to be standard in England, although the pronunciation with /h/ is also attested as a legitimate variant.^[2]

Authorities disagree nearly the history of the letter's proper noun. The Oxford English Dictionary says the original name of the letter was [ˈaha] in Latin; this became [ˈaka] in Vulgar Latin, passed into English via Quondam French [atʃ], and by Middle English was pronounced [aːtʃ]. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Linguistic communication derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic. Anatoly Liberman suggests a conflation of two obsolete orderings of the alphabet, one with H immediately followed by K and the other without whatever K: reciting the former's ..., H, K, L,... as [...(h)a ka el ...] when reinterpreted for the latter ..., H, L,... would imply a pronunciation [(h)a ka] for H.^[7]

Utilize in writing systems

English

In English, ⟨h⟩ occurs equally a single-letter grapheme (being either silent or representing the voiceless glottal fricative () and in various digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ , , , or ), ⟨gh⟩ (silent, /ɡ/, /g/, /p/, or /f/), ⟨ph⟩ (/f/), ⟨rh⟩ (/r/), ⟨sh⟩ (), ⟨th⟩ ( or ), ⟨wh⟩ (/hw/ ^[8]). The letter is silent in a syllable rime, equally in ah, ohm, dahlia, cheetah, pooh-poohed, equally well as in certain other words (mostly of French origin) such equally 60 minutes, honest, herb (in American but not British English language) and vehicle (in certain varieties of English language). Initial /h/ is often not pronounced in the weak grade of some office words including had, has, have, he, her, him, his, and in some varieties of English (including most regional dialects of England and Wales) it is often omitted in all words (see '⟨h⟩'-dropping). Information technology was formerly common for an rather than a to be used as the indefinite article before a word offset with /h/ in an unstressed syllable, as in "an historian", merely use of a is now more than usual (see English articles § Indefinite article). In English, The pronunciation of ⟨h⟩ as /h/ tin can exist analyzed every bit a voiceless vowel. That is, when the phoneme /h/ precedes a vowel, /h/ may be realized as a voiceless version of the subsequent vowel. For example the word ⟨hit⟩, /hɪt/ is realized equally [ɪ̥ɪt].^[ix] H is the eighth nearly frequently used letter in the English language (after Due south, North, I, O, A, T, and Eastward), with a frequency of almost iv.ii% in words.^{[ citation needed ]} When h is placed after certain other consonants, it modifies their pronunciation in various means, e.thousand. for ch, gh, ph, sh, and thursday.

Other languages

In the German language language, the name of the letter is pronounced /haː/. Following a vowel, it often silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the discussion erhöhen ('heighten'), the second ⟨h⟩ is mute for near speakers outside of Switzerland. In 1901, a spelling reform eliminated the silent ⟨h⟩ in well-nigh all instances of ⟨th⟩ in native German words such as thun ('to do') or Thür ('door'). It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such as Theater ('theater') and Thron ('throne'), which continue to exist spelled with ⟨th⟩ even after the last German spelling reform.

In Castilian and Portuguese, ⟨h⟩ (" hache " in Castilian, pronounced ['atʃe], or agá in Portuguese, pronounced [aˈɣa] or [ɐˈɡa]) is a silent alphabetic character with no pronunciation, equally in hijo [ˈixo] ('son') and húngaro [ˈũɡaɾu] ('Hungarian'). The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of the sound /h/. In words where the ⟨h⟩ is derived from a Latin /f/, information technology is however sometimes pronounced with the value [h] in some regions of Andalusia, Extremadura, Canarias, Cantabria, and the Americas. Some words showtime with [je] or [nosotros], such every bit hielo , 'ice' and huevo , 'egg', were given an initial ⟨h⟩ to avoid confusion betwixt their initial semivowels and the consonants ⟨j⟩ and ⟨v⟩. This is because ⟨j⟩ and ⟨five⟩ used to be considered variants of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively. ⟨h⟩ as well appears in the digraph ⟨ch⟩, which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish and northern Portugal, and /ʃ/ in varieties that have merged both sounds (the latter originally represented by ⟨10⟩ instead), such as most of the Portuguese language and some Spanish dialects, prominently Chilean Spanish.

In French, the name of the letter is written as "ache" and pronounced /aʃ/. The French orthography classifies words that begin with this letter in 2 ways, one of which tin impact the pronunciation, even though it is a silent letter either style. The H muet, or "mute" ⟨h⟩, is considered equally though the alphabetic character were not in that location at all, so for case the singular definite commodity le or la, which is elided to l' earlier a vowel, elides before an H muet followed past a vowel. For example, le + hébergement becomes l'hébergement ('the accommodation'). The other kind of ⟨h⟩ is chosen h aspiré ("aspirated '⟨h⟩'", though it is not normally aspirated phonetically), and does not allow elision or liaison. For example in le homard ('the lobster') the article le remains unelided, and may be separated from the noun with a bit of a glottal stop. Most words that begin with an H muet come up from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas nigh words beginning with an H aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or not-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot); in some cases, an orthographic ⟨h⟩ was added to disambiguate the [v] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations before the introduction of the distinction between the letters ⟨5⟩ and ⟨u⟩: huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), huître (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).

In Italian, ⟨h⟩ has no phonological value. Its about of import uses are in the digraphs 'ch' /1000/ and 'gh' /ɡ/, likewise as to differentiate the spellings of certain brusk words that are homophones, for example some nowadays tense forms of the verb avere ('to have') (such as hanno, 'they have', vs. anno, 'yr'), and in short interjections (oh, ehi).

Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian use ⟨h⟩ equally a breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], oft as an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced surroundings.

In Hungarian, the alphabetic character has no fewer than five pronunciations, with iii boosted uses equally a productive and non-productive element of digraphs. The letter of the alphabet h may represent /h/ as in the name of the Székely town Hargita; intervocalically it represents /ɦ/ as in tehén; information technology represents /x/ in the word doh; it represents /ç/ in ihlet; and information technology is silent in cseh. As part of a digraph, it represents, in archaic spelling, /t͡ʃ/ with the letter of the alphabet c every bit in the name Széchenyi; it represents, again, with the letter of the alphabet c, /x/ in pech (which is pronounced [pɛxː]); in certain environments it breaks palatalization of a consonant, every bit in the proper name Beöthy which is pronounced [bøːti] (without the intervening h, the name Beöty could exist pronounced [bøːc]); and finally, it acts as a silent component of a digraph, as in the name Vargha, pronounced [vɒrgɒ].

In Ukrainian and Belarusian, when written in the Latin alphabet, ⟨h⟩ is besides commonly used for /ɦ/, which is otherwise written with the Cyrillic letter ⟨г⟩.

In Irish, ⟨h⟩ is not considered an independent letter, except for a very few not-native words, even so ⟨h⟩ placed afterward a consonant is known as a "séimhiú" and indicates lenition of that consonant; ⟨h⟩ began to replace the original form of a séimhiú, a dot placed above the consonant, after the introduction of typewriters.

In most dialects of Polish, both ⟨h⟩ and the digraph ⟨ch⟩ always represent /x/.

In Basque, during the 20th century it was not used in the orthography of the Basque dialects in Spain but it marked an aspiration in the Due north-Eastern dialects. During the standardization of Basque in the 1970s, the compromise was reached that h would be accepted if it were the beginning consonant in a syllable. Hence, herri ("people") and etorri ("to come") were accepted instead of erri (Biscayan) and ethorri (Souletin). Speakers could pronounce the h or not. For the dialects defective the aspiration, this meant a complexity added to the standardized spelling.

Other systems

As a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), it is used mainly for the and then-called aspirations (fricative or trills), and variations of the apparently alphabetic character are used to represent ii sounds: the lowercase form ⟨h⟩ represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the small capital form ⟨ʜ⟩ represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative (or trill). With a bar, minuscule ⟨ħ⟩ is used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Specific to the IPA, a hooked ⟨ɦ⟩ is used for a voiced glottal fricative, and a superscript ⟨ʰ⟩ is used to represent aspiration.

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

H with diacritics: Ĥ ĥ Ȟ ȟ Ħ ħ Ḩ ḩ Ⱨ ⱨ ẖ ẖ Ḥ ḥ Ḣ ḣ Ḧ ḧ Ḫ ḫ ꞕ Ꜧ ꜧ
IPA-specific symbols related to H: ʜ ꟸ ɦ ʰ ʱ ɥ ᶣ ^[10]
ᴴ : Modifier letter of the alphabet H is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet^[11]
ₕ : Subscript pocket-size h was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902^[12]
ʰ : Modifier letter small h is used in Indo-European studies^[xiii]
ʮ and ʯ : Turned H with fishhook and turned H with fishhook and tail are used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics^[14]
Ƕ ƕ : Latin letter hwair, derived from a ligature of the digraph hv, and used to transliterate the Gothic letter of the alphabet 𐍈 (which represented the audio [hʷ])
Ⱶ ⱶ : Claudian letters^[xv]
Ꟶ ꟶ : Reversed half h used in Roman inscriptions from the Roman provinces of Gaul^[16]

Ancestors, siblings, and descendants in other alphabets

𐤇 : Semitic letter Heth, from which the following symbols derive
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the following symbols derive
  - 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the ancestor of modern Latin H
    - ᚺ, ᚻ : Runic letter haglaz, which is probably a descendant of Old Italic H
  - Һ һ : Cyrillic letter of the alphabet Shha, which derives from Latin H
  - И и : Cyrillic letter И, which derives from the Greek letter Eta
  - 𐌷 : Gothic letter haal

Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations

$h$ : Planck abiding
ℏ : reduced Planck abiding
$\mathbb {H}$ : Blackboard bold capital H used in quaternion notation

Calculating codes

Character data
Preview	H		h
Unicode proper noun	LATIN CAPITAL Letter of the alphabet H		LATIN SMALL Letter H
Encodings	decimal	hex	december	hex
Unicode	72	U+0048	104	U+0068
UTF-eight	72	48	104	68
Numeric grapheme reference	H	H	h	h
EBCDIC family	200	C8	136	88
ASCII ¹	72	48	104	68

¹ and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859, and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

Meet as well

American Sign Language grammar
Listing of Egyptian hieroglyphs#H

References

^ ^a ^b "H" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster'southward Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op. cit.
^ ^a ^b "'Haitch' or 'aitch'? How do yous pronounce 'H'?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 Oct 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ Dolan, T. P. (1 January 2004). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Utilise of English. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN9780717135356. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2016 – via Google Books.
^ Vaux, Bert. The Cambridge Online Survey of Globe Englishes Archived 24 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Academy of Cambridge.
^ Todd, L. & Hancock I.: "International English language Ipod", folio 254. Routledge, 1990.
^ John C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, folio 360, Pearson, Harlow, 2008
^ Liberman, Anatoly (7 August 2013). "Alphabet soup, part 2: H and Y". Oxford Etymologist. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on iv October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ In many dialects, /hw/ and /w/ accept merged
^ "phonology - Why is /h/ called voiceless vowel phonetically, and /h/ consonant phonologically?". Linguistics Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on five May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^ Constable, Peter (19 April 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add boosted phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on nineteen February 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (27 Jan 2009). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (vii June 2004). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Melt, Richard; Everson, Michael (20 September 2001). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Everson, Michael (12 August 2005). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin messages to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ W, Andrew; Everson, Michael (25 March 2019). "L2/nineteen-092: Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed One-half H" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.

External links

This sound file was created from a revision of this article dated 3 April 2021 (2021-04-03), and does non reflect subsequent edits.

H&r Block Tax Software Deluxe + State 2018 Free Download Updated FREE